Kevinxuxinyu - Windows Live

Unix material.


First, we take a look at UNIX directory, because clearly the directory can have a framework on UNIX impression about! Of course, speaking here is necessary for the normal operation of the system, and must not be deleted or modified. .


/Is the root of the system;.


/ Bin directory, including the most commonly used UNIX commands;. .


The/dev directory including control access to external devices; special device files.


/ Etc directory includes a variety of system programs and data files;. .


/Lib directory including the C language and other languages program runtime files.


/ Mnt directory is an empty directory for the installation of removable file system reservation;. .


In the/opt directory to be included in the so-called "objective"; the software is stored.


/ Shlib directory includes system uses shared libraries;. .


The/usr directory there are several subdirectories in the Directory include compilation (/usr/include C language header files of the program;/usr/lib directory includes a variety of UNIX commands use more libraries and data files;/usr/spool directory includes a variety of directory to store those will be printing, mailing, or passed over the network;/usr/tmp directory includes more than the default amount of temporary file; directory including/usr/adm and system management or accounting is linked to the data file; in particular,/usr/adm/messages and/usr/adm/syslog files include the system error messages are logged . ). .


/Stand directory is the boot file system mount point, the boot file system, including installing programs (boot), the core (unix) and associated boot file.


/ Tcb directory including all files as part of the TCB;. .


The/tmp directory on the UNIX system procedures; the temporary file.


/ Var directory, including designation of a single client or server SSO non-shared files. .


First, the directory management.


1, create a directory: mkdir directory_name. .


For example: in a new subdirectory under the directory/usr/apple.


# Mkdir / usr / apple or. .


#cd /usr 。.


# Mkdir apple. .


Note: mkdir is an abbreviation for make directory.


2, column contents of the directory:. .


Ls portrait.


lc lateral display. .


Ls-l (or reduced to l) shows each file for more information, including access patterns, number of links, owner, file size, last modified time, etc.).


ls-a lists all files including hidden files (To make a file in unix hidden, as long as the file name preceded by months. "." on it.). .


Ls-F (or lf) file type, file name tag in the directory "/" after the executable file is marked "*", in the symbolic link is marked "@".


For example: list / apple under the document. .


#ls /apple 。.


Or:. .


#cd /apple 。.


# Ls. .


Ls-L or l command displays:.


total 20. .


-rwxrw-r-- 1 apple fruit 1181 Mar 14 2002 dir1 。.


Type of content. .


Where the first row of the total is the total number of blocks specified.


-Rwxrw-r - apple fruit 1181 Mar 14 2002 dir1 this line, the first - represents an ordinary file, if it is d (directory) that is the catalog file, if it is l that is a symbolic link (link), b that is the block (block) device file, c that is the character (character) device file. .


Rwxrw-r--each of the three letters of the English name triplet, respectively file master (user), the same set of user (group) and other users (other) access.


r that read (read), w that can be written (weite), x said executable (excute). .


If a screen is displayed, you may use the pipe gives read more or pg:.


# Ls | more. .


# ls |pg 。.


Note: ls is the list of abbreviations. .


3, directory renaming: mv oldname newname (can be a directory name, or path name) for example: change to directory/usr/apple/usr/pear.


# Mv / usr / apple / usr / pear. .


Or:.


# Cd / usr. .


#mv apple pear 。.


Note: mv is the move of the abbreviation. .


4. delete directory: rmdir directory (the directory is empty), there are content dirctory: rm-r directory.


For example: Delete the directory / apple (the content is empty). .


# rmdir /apple 。.


Note: rmdir remove directory is the abbreviation. .


5. Compare directories: directory2 dircmp directory1.


Second, roaming the file system. .


1. If you want to know you in the file system location available pwd command. For example, # pwd.


Screen will display:. .


/usr 。.


That you are / usr directory to work. .


Note: the print directory pwd is the abbreviation of the word, in UNIX, the print is displayed on screen, instead of printing.


2, change the directory: cd directory such as: your current directory is: / apple to switch to / usr / pear (Of course, this directory should exist). .


#cd /usr/pear 。.


And then use the pwd command to see the current working directory. .


pwd 。.


/ Usr / pear. .


Note: the cd is an abbreviation for change directory.


Third, management of documents. .


1. view the contents of the file: cat filename e.g. directory has a file under/apple love, I love you "to all my heart! ” 。.


# Cat / apple / love. .


Or:.


# Cd / apple. .


#cat love 。.


Note: can also be cat-v filename (do not know what type of file is),. .


Cat filename | pg (screen reader).


As the cat command is used to file the original link, so it applies only to see less than a screen (typically 24 lines) files. If the file is more than one screen, you need to use the more command. .


For example:.


more file1. .


Press the SPACEBAR to display the next screen, press ENTER to display the next line.


Note: cat is short for concatenate. .


More according to a Professor, "and then look at a page and then look at the page" mean. In Linux there is a less command is displayed on screen, but before the page.


cat primary role is to document the connection, for example, to link file1 file2 into file3. .


cat file1 file2 >file3 。.


One of the> character as tapped out, and if the file1 to file2 with the end of the connection, then:. .


cat file1 >> file2 。.


cat command in addition to display and link documents, there are a common feature, is to build a very small text file, the syntax format: cat> filename. .


For example: editing a small shell script, dl, used to print a file agent008,.


cat> dl. .


lp agent008 。.


Then press + d end. .


To view the file in the head: head filename.


View the file tail: tail filename. .


2. copy the file: cp filename copyname (you can add the path in front of the filename), or:.


cp filename ... pathname. .


For example: the files under the directory/apple love is copied to the directory under/pear.


# Cp / apple / love / pear if more than one file:. .


#cp /apple/love1 love2 love3 /pear 。.


Note: cp made by the copy short. .


3 files, move and rename:.


Move the file: mv sourse_file target_directory. .


For example, the files under the directory/apple love to move to the directory/pear,.


# Mv / apple / love / pear. .


File rename:.


In unix, the file is to rename the file from the original file name (old_filename) is moved to a new file name (new_filename) under:. .


# mv old_filename new_filename 。.


For example: the directory / apple love renamed the file under the happy,. .


# mv /apple/love /apple/happy 。.


Or:. .


# cd /apple 。.


# Mv love happy. .


Note: the abbreviation by mv to move.


4, delete the file: rm filename (must be careful to use ah, unix only professional use as an early advocate strict style of work, so often in the implementation of the command does not require confirmation, if successfully implemented, will give a result, the implementation of successful , it gives an error message, so you are not familiar with the command do not like the windows to his or her trial, because, when ordered, unix will be implemented to the letter, did not like the windows as "undo" the opportunity.). .


In order to prevent the accidental deletion of files, the best practice is plus-I select items.


For example, rm-i file1. .


The system will ask you to confirm that it is not really want to delete, wait for your confirmation before deletion.


Note: rm from the remove initials. .


5. find the file specified by the string: grep options text filenames.


This command is like opening a file with a word to find a particular string. The difference is that in unix, by using grep command, do not open the file. For example, the. .


# grep root /etc/passwd 。.


Can show information about the root user. .


Another example, a pipeline, you can identify a Terminal, all the processes.


# Ps-e | grep tty03. .


You can find out all the processes on the Terminal tty03. Of course, the purpose of the identification process, generally in order to kill them. So how can a realization of the need to use awk commands.


For example, all the processes to kill tty03, you can use the command. .


# kill -9 ` ps -e|grep tty03|awk ‘{print $1}’‵ 。.


Note, ps, and the last of the previous symbol is inverted quotation marks, the number "1" on the left. .


Locate the file: find expression path_list.


Which, path_list is to find a directory listing, can be a directory, it can be multiple directories. If it is between multiple catalogs to separate a space character. If you looked up from the current directory, you can use. "." Numbers that, if it is looked up from the root directory, then use "/" to represent. .


Expression (expression) is the search criteria, users make use of it can be set by file name, date or other criteria to find. I often use is the name.


For example: in / usr, look for a file called ttytab. .


# find /usr -name ttytab -print 。.


One-name specified is the name to find,-print is to tell the system to find ttytab file displayed on the screen where is it. However, in sco openserver can omit the-print. .


In windows98, we can use the "find" delete all temporary files at once. On UNIX, we can also find a time to delete the file subject to certain conditions, for example, in the/usr directory and its subdirectories, delete all the files txt extension.


find / usr-name *. . Txt-exec rm ();. .


-Exec command_name {}; find out the files that match the criteria, to perform the specified command command_name. Note that at the end of the command must have a {};.


4, file and directory access control. .


1. change the permissions of the file:.


chmod who [+-=] operator_ permission filename. .


O u g who include, respectively, on behalf of the user (user), the same set of user (group) and other users (other).


+ Additional permissions. .


-Reduce the permissions.


= Increase in authority after the equals sign, and less the original permissions. .


Operator_ permission includes r (read), w (weite), x (excute).


For example: chmod u + x filename. .


To the right of the main file to execute.


This has a way: chmod mode filename. .


Where nnn mode mode, and n is between 0-7, 4 represents a readable and writable, 2, 1 indicates that the executable. In the first n nnn is the permissions of the user, the second n is the same group permissions of the user, a third n is the number of other user's permissions. If such as empowerment, readable and writable two permissions, 6 (4 + 2), and if you want to give read-write permission can perform all expressed with 7.


For example: chmod 777 file1. .


Is to allow all users to file1, readable and writable executable.


The chmod 740 file1 is the file permissions set to host their own read-write executables, read with the group of users, other users have to die even see. 0 means no permissions. .


Abbreviation by mode change chmod..


2, change the file owner: chown new_owner [: group_name] filename. .


For example: change file file1 master for apple.


$ Chown apple file1. .


It is important to note that unless you are root, otherwise, to other people's files on your own can be regained. If you are a pear, you run the chown apple file1, you put the files to the apple. If you run the chown pear file1. The system will tell you there is no such permission. If you want to give someone a file and then to come back, and only resort to the root user.


If you have to change the files belong to groups, apple file1 user must file given apple fruit group of users can use the command:. .


chown apple:fruit file1 。.


Note: chown by the change owner initials. .


Change the file belongs to the group can also use the chgrp command.


3, see in your group: id. .


4. change the current user-groups: sg.


5, change the file where the user group: chgrp new_group filename. .


For example: chgrp fruit file1.


Note: chgrp: change group by the initials. .


6. in command line help man [section], for example: keywork.


man C kill. .


Note: the man from manual (manual) abbreviation in..


5, disk usage. .


1, floppy disk, formatting: format [device_name].


For example: format 1. .44 M floppy disk:. .


#format /dev/rfd0135ds18 。.


r said that the original (raw) device, fd that is floppy, 0 for the first floppy drive, said 135 of 135 tracks, ds said double-sided disk, 18, said the 18 sectors. .


Format command in UNIX, you can only format a floppy disk, you cannot format the hard drive.


In addition, if the / etc / default / format file, DEVICE is defined in the default device name, usually DEVICE = / dev/rfd0135ds18, so you can just type format can be completed on the floppy disk formatting. .


2, floppy disk, copy: diskcp [optition] [-135ds18].


optition have multiple options, but now the PC generally only one floppy drive, so common on the left a-f (format) a,-135ds18 on behalf of our common 1. .44 M floppy disk. .


For example:.


$ Diskcp-f-135ds18. .


When you copy formatted on the destination disk, and then copy.


3, with a floppy disk backup file: for example, hard disk directory / apple love the paper store empty floppy disk, you can:. .


#cd /apple 。.


# Tar cv6 love. .


C represents the creation (create) a new file and overwrite the existing file with the same name. If you do not want to overwrite. Command:.


# Tar uv6 love. .


V displays each file to be processed.


6 that is the floppy drive. Correspondence between numbers and equipment, in the / etc / default / tar file defined, can be more / etc / default / tar command without any parameters or the tar command to view, can also be modified vi. .


4. list the names of files in the floppy disk: # tar tv6.


5, the floppy disk in the file back to disk: # tar xv6. .


X means that the extraction (extract).


6, increase user and switch user. .


1, increase the number of users: # scoadmin account.


Which can have a lot of stuff yo! You can add users, add groups, delete users and groups, of course, can be modified, Oh, you can open to look at it! For example: Add a user apple, you can:. .


#scoadmin account →user→Add New User 。.


An increase in the user interface:. .


Login:apple 。.


User ID: 200. .


Comment: 。.


Password: <*> Set password now <> Set password later. .


Login shell:sh [Change Login Shell…] 。.


Networked via: [Change Distribution ...]. .


Home Directory:/usr/apple 。.


Login Group: group [Change Group Membership ...]. .


[OK] [Cancel] [Help] 。.


Enter the information, move the cursor to OK, press the Enter key. .


Comments:.


Login:, enter the user name. .


User ID: your user ID, the system recommended values. Less than 200 of the system user, 0 super users.


Comment: Explanatory notes to users, you can not lose. .


Password: Set password now, and now set a password.


Set password later to set a password later. .


Login shell: shell sh user's registration, the system default is sh, namely, the standard shell, if you want to change, to move the cursor to Change Login Shell ...] return, select other, such as csh shell ksh ....


Networked via: generally not set. .


Directory Home: user home directory (usually translated into the main directory, but I think the translation family more image. General system automatically in the/usr directory, create a new user "user name" and the home of the/usr/directory, for example, this example is/usr/apple.


Login Group: insertion of the user belongs to the group name, the system default is group. .


。.


2, switch user: su. .


WindowsXP a big selling point is the new addition of switching users (switch user). In fact, unix was this feature than windows XP to be much more convenient.


For example: you are user pear, users now have to switch to apple. .


$ su apple 。.


Apple of course you have to know the password. But the root user to run su to become another user, do not need password. .


If you do not specify a user name, the default is to switch to root user, such as. ..


$ Su. .


password: 。.


After you enter the root password, the system prompt will change #, rather than $ a. .


However, you will find that your working directory, and there has been no change in the environment, which is the result of su and direct use of apple or root user account registration is not the same. So how to do the same as registration, as long as the su a short horizontal is available.


For example: $ su - apple. .


The login type is as follows: apple won the apple user's environment. Note that "-" there is a space before and after.


7, set or change the user password: passwd. .


Direct type passwd can modify their own password, users can only modify their own password, and the root user can modify their own password, you can modify another user's password.


# Passwd username. .


For example, the root user to modify the apple user's password, you can run:.


# Passwd apple. .


Setting password for user:apple 。.


last successful password change for apple: Tue Dec 30 08:34 2001. .


Choose passeord 。.


You can choose whether you pick a password. .


or have the system create one for you。.


1. . Pick a password. .


2。.Pronounceable password will be generate for you 。.


Note: The first way is to create your own new password, the second way is by the system for you to create a password may sound, we usually choose the first approach. .


Enter choose (default is 1):1 。.


Please enter new password (at least 3 characters):. .


new password: 。.


Re-enter password:. .


Enter the password when the screen is not displayed. This is for security and privacy considerations.


8, the system shut down and restart:. .


On UNIX, illegal shutdown is very, very bad things, remember remember!.


# Shutdown-y-g0. .


This is the safest way to shut down. -Y option is to tell the system that any inquiries to answer y,-g0 specifies the wait time is 0 minutes. If not specified, the default is 1 minute. Of course, you want the machine to run this command.


# Haltsys. .


This is an emergency shutdown mode, only the system maintenance mode by the superuser root to perform.


# Reboot. .


Reboot the system, if you add a new hardware or modify a configuration file, be sure to run this command, otherwise you will not take effect. It is only in system maintenance mode by the superuser root to perform.


login: halt. .


Using Shutdown user shut down.


We are a day off login: enter a user name behind such halt or haltsysy can shutdown. So this shutdown method is how to achieve it? There are many ways: here's one:. .


Step one: establish a user name that we use halt!.


Step Two: In the / usr / halt directory create a shell script, named for the halt. . Sh, says "shutdown-y-g0", the name. .


Step three: chmod u + x .sh. halt.


Step Four: vi / etc / passwd, to halt the user's uid to 0, registered shell into halt. . Sh. .


9. system management:.


System administration commands are generally executed by the root user, the implementation of the general user may not, unless you get a root user authority. .


1, time: data query system.


2, modify the system time: asktime [yymmdd]. .


Yy: year.


mm: month. .


Dd: day.


hh: hours. .


Mm: minute.


Are expressed with two digits. For example to change the system time at 4:45 p.m. on the June 17, 2002. .


# asktime 。.


3, check who is in the system: who. .


Can also be simplified to w..


4, who is doing what: whodo show users work in progress. .


5, terminal name gets: tty [-l] [-s] show that you are currently using a terminal device file and its path name.


6, the process state of understanding: ps [options] process, you can see information on the activities yo! What is the process, remember? unix years, but very important stuff yo! . .


Common options are:.


-E display the information for each process (everything). .


-F show the process of complete information. （full） 。.


-T ttynum show ttynum the process of the specified terminal. .


-U username display usename specified using the name of the process information.


-L for long format (long) form of display process information, a total of 14, meaning each of the following column headings:. .


F: (flag): use the octal representation of the process-related tags, 00 indicates that the process has ended, 01 indicates a system process, the process is 20 represents the main memory.


s: (state) said that the state of the process, b and w that are in wait state, i said free, o that is running, k that have been loaded into the queue can run the process, s (sleep), said in a sleep state, r (ready ) that is in ready state, t that be tracked, x that waiting for more memory. .


Uid (user id) process owner's user ID.


pid: (process id) process number, (kill command is used this number). .


Ppid (parent process id), the parent process.


c: cpu occupancy rate. .


Stime: process was submitted to the moment.


pri: process priority (priorty). .


Ni: process nice value.


addr: process memory address (address). .


Sz: process memory image size (size), expressed as a block.


wchan: Sleep process address. For the running process is empty. .


Tty: process belongs to the Terminal number. If you are?, is the system process.


time: total time to have been executed. .


Cmd: call this process the command name.


For example, see tty03 the process information. .


$ ps -t tty03 。.


View all processes the system information. .


# ps -e 。.


Or. .


#ps -ef 。.


Kill the process: if the process of taking up too much processing time, the system slows down, or it into an infinite loop, not the end. Oh, kill it! To kill the process, you can try typing: ctrl del or break or ctrl d or del, or command: kill pid or kill -9 pid. .


7. use of statistical disk space: displays the specified file du is used disk blocks and all files in the total number of blocks.


8, statistical disk free space: df shows the file system specified number of blocks in the free space and free i nodes. .


If # df.


/ (Dev / root): 962630 blocks 61557 i-nodes. .


Combined with the-v option displays the total number of blocks of the file system, has been used blocks, idle blocks and used a percentage. 如： 。.


# Df-v / dev / root. .


mount dir filesystem blocks used free %used 。.


/ Dev / root / dev / root 1030176 57546 962630 6%. .


In sco UNIX, there is also a dfspace command, you can use the m-unit display disk usage. For example:.


# Dfspace. .


/ :disk space :469。.96mb of 503。.01mb available (93。.43%) 。.


total disk space: 469. .96 Mb of 503. .01 Mb available (93. .43%). .


Note the size of your hard drive is a total of 503. .01mb, used 469. .96mb, 93% .43%... "


9, file type identification: file filename. .


10, in the pipe line to establish direct links ": tee [options] [files].


tee from the "t" from, (tee and t is the English phonetic [ti:],) and t is "Tee" like shape, that is, before taking the output of one command as input, and then send to the next command, while the formation of a file. For example:. .


ls -l /bin|tee file1 |wc 。.


The results of the ls command stored in the file file1 in both, but also to wc to count. .


ls -l /etc|tee -a file1|wc 。.


The results of the ls command appended to the end of file1 folder, also to wc to count. .


10. access to the dos disk information.


1, dos disk directory display (sometimes you may want to display in unix dos disk the contents of the yo!). .


# Dosdir dir (dir as the device, the file name. For example: the diskette) a..


# Dosdir / dev/fd0. .


Or # dosdir/dev/fd0:.


Can also use the unix format. .


# dosls dev/fd0 。.


2, dos disk file content is displayed:. .


# Doscat filename such as: do you view the file in the floppy disk a config., .sys.


# Doscat / dev/fd0: config. . Sys. .


Note: config .sys/dev/fd0:. cannot be .sys/dev/fd0/config. because/dev directory of the device file, if you write config .sys,/dev/fd0/config.. .sys files into the device, but the device file does not exist, the system will give an error message.


.


3, dos disk directory creation and deletion:. .


Dosmkdir directory (establishment).


dosrmdir directory (delete). .


For example:.


dosmkdir / dev/fd0: apple. .


dosrmdir /dev/fd0:apple 。.


4, dos disk format:. .


dosformat [-fqv] drive 。.


For example: You want to format 1. .44 Mb floppy disk. .


#dosformat /dev/fd0135ds18 。.


Among them, pay attention to format the device name is rfd0135ds18, that is the original (raw) device name, and dosforamt device name is / dev/fd0135ds18, fd not preceded by the letter "r". .


5, dos disk file deletion:.


dosrm / dev/fd0: file1 file2 .... .


6, dos and UNIX file replication between:.


doscp [-r] [-m] file1 file2. .


Or:.


doscp file ... directory. .


-R copying without line break conversions.


-M line breaks when copying the conversion (unix and dos line breaks are different). .


For example:.


doscp-m apple / dev/fd0. .


Apple files for dos copy the formatting to a disk, copy the line break transformation occurs.


doscp-r apple / dev/fd0: fruit. .


Apple files for dos format copy to a disk directory, copy the fruit without line break conversions.


You will find always a disk write / dev/fd0 is in trouble, right? Can the / dev/fd0 written a: what? Can, certainly. Use vi to open / etc / default / msdos file, to which "a = / dev / install" into "a = / dev/fd0" on it. .


Example: a: dosdir.


dosdir a letter also, and dos, can be the case regardless). .


However, we'd like to remind that in the dos directory path is specified, you cannot use the separator "," dos, you can only use unix separator "/".


Another point to note in these commands, on the dos file access can not use wildcards, but the unix file can use wildcards. .


For example:.


$ Doscp / usr / apple / * a:. .


However, you cannot use.


doscp a: *. .* / Usr / apple. .


11. edit file:.


1, start the vi:. .


#vi filename 。.


If the file exists, vi will be read, otherwise you will create it. Remember the new directory commands? By the way, using mkdir directory, then create a new document? Yes, clever! You can use vi filename created. Of course, building a text file. .


2. Enter the text: remember, before you can enter the body, must be in command mode to send a command to the input text! hehe, don't worry! I'll tell you when you enter a command in the body. During import, you enter any of the characters are treated as input, you guess, you can press the return key page〈 esc > command mode.


Oh, yes, almost forgot to tell you that enter the body, called insert mode. .


Starting from the cursor to a add body; on the right side.


From the start at the end of a line to add the text;. .


I begin from the left of the cursor; add body.


i added from the line start at the first body; o from the current line to open a new line;. .


O from the current row before opening a new line.


3, save the file and exit: Do not forget, be sure to exit the command mode to save yo! You by, until the terminal will be called, it must be a command mode. There are many methods of preservation, but must add a colon ":." For example:. .


": W" is saved without exiting;.


": Q" is out but not save;. .


": Wq" to save and exit vi.


I have used is: ": x!" Is to preserve and forced out; ": q!" Is not saved by force quit. .


4. move the cursor in the file. Now the pc keyboard, you can use the four arrow keys to move the cursor, but unix was born, may not have such a pc keyboard, so it is h j k l four keys. With ripe, these four key is also very convenient.


h move left one character;. .


I move one character to the right;.


k move up one character;. .


J to move down one character;.


5, delete and restore files: delete character cursor with x; delete cursor line with dd. .


Undo the previous operation, with u or u..


6, edited the special circumstances encountered: the screen unreadable, press the + l or + r to refresh the screen; If you still can not read, it may be your terminal settings wrong, or edit non-text files, do not forget to type : q! exit without saving. .


For example, edit the file/apple directory, love.


# Vi / apple / love,. .


If the original file contents.


you are my kind of girl, you have a beautiful personality, and looks neat and fresh!. .


it was love at first sight,but i don’t have the heart to tell you, so i make a pass at you。.


i've been dying to see you when leave xianghe, and i love you with all my heart!. .


i’m too deeply involved! 。.


god bless you, god bless me too!. .


Ok! as you want to I ' m too deeply involved! insert you don ' t give me the cold shoulder. then you should move the cursor to the involved!, and then press I to insert you can; if you want to delete, so I make a pass at you.. you can move the cursor to the character you want to delete, press x to delete it;.


If you want to but i don't have the heart to tell you, the comma into an exclamation point, you can insert an exclamation point, comma and delete, Oh, nonsense, right? If you want to delete the god bless you, god bless me too! The entire line, you can command state by dd;. .


If you want to I ' ve been dying to see you when I leave nanping, and love you with all my heart!.


Add a line back, and insert love you more than i can say! You can move the cursor to i've been dying to see you when leave nanping, and i love you with all my heart! On, (moving the cursor, remember? By the way, h, j, k, l.) And then in command mode, press o, press I to insert the love you more than I can say! finished save the changed? ": x", do not save ": q!".


You love how to change it on how to change it! However, it must not be changed beyond recognition of the yo! . .


you are my kind of girl,you have a beautiful personality,and looks neat and fresh! 。.


it was love at first sight, but i don't have the heart to tell you, so i make a pass at you! . .


i’ve been dying to see you when leave nanping,and i love you with all my heart! 。.


love you more than i can say! i'm too deeply involved!. .


don’t you give me the cold shoulder。.i wish apple and pear are going steady! 。.


god bless you, god bless me too!. .


(You are my favorite kind of girl you are eternal charm, you look elegant and fresh! you love at first sight, but I didn't have the heart to tell you, I love watching you (making)! leave Nanping, I always want you, I love you, love you say, I've been stuck in too deep. I don't, I sincerely wish apple and pear officially became lovers! God bless you, God bless me!).


vi there is a lot of stuff, but is commonly used of these. For more information, read it! . .


12. to print the file.


1, the print file lp. .


The LP command from the "printer", line for line printer, this is the last name. Now it can be used for all types of printers.


lp [options] [file name]. .


It has several options, I am not using that can't be boastful, give a simple example.


For example, print files apple. .


lp apple 。.


If the system is not only a printer, need to specify which printer to use, you can use the-d option, specify the target (destination) printer. .


For example, epson printer, print the file on the apple.


lp-d epson apple. .


The lp command, you can use a wildcard file.


2, cancel the print job. .


Sometimes, due to improper operation, you need to cancel a print job, what should I do?.


Cancel the print queue command is cancel [the print queue number]. .


For example, when you successfully perform a lp after apple.


System will give a prompt message:. .


request id is epson-921 。.


epson-921 is the print queue and, if you do not want printed, you can use the following command to cancel the print job. .


cancel epson-921 。.


If you want to cancel a printer all work, you can use the command:. .


Cancel [printer name].


However, since we use now are higher print command line programmed shell program, you may not see print id number of reminder, that the abolition of the print queue then? This use of the lpstat command, it can help us find print information. .


Lpstat is an abbreviation for lp stauts for printing status, syntax format:.


lpstat [options]. .


The options are many, I usually just use the-t option to display all of the information.


For example: lpstat-t. .


These are just getting started on sco unix, but does not describe its network commands (because I do not know it well, I think the network unix FTP and telnet command and win2000 is, therefore, to learn on the win2000 telnet ftp exercises on it). If you want to learn unis, or needs a good look at specific tutorials.


bin. .


Boot-start the desired command or normal user can use the command (in the boot startup).


/ Sbin. .


Similar to/bin, but not for ordinary users, although if necessary and can be used when allowed.


/ Etc. .


Specific machine configuration file.


/ Root. .


Root user's home directory.


/ Lib. .


The root file system on the required shared libraries.


/ Lib / modules. .


Kernel loadable module, especially those who recover from a corrupted system boot (such as network and file system drivers).


/ Dev. .


Device files.


/ Tmp. .


The temporary file. Boot startup programs should use/var/tmp instead/tmp, because the former might have more space on the disk.


/ Boot. .


Boot loader (bootstrap loader) use of documents, such as LILO. Core image is often here, not in the root directory. If you have a lot of core image, this directory may become very large, you may use a separate file systems better. Another reason is to ensure that core image must be on the first IDE hard disk 1024 cylinders..


/ Mnt. .


The system administrator to temporarily mount installation point. The program does not automatically install/mnt support. /Mnt can be divided into subdirectories (for example MSDOS/mnt/dosa might be using the floppy disk drive, the file system may be used by/mnt/exta ext2 file system with the floppy disk drive).


/ Proc, / usr, / var, / home. .


Other file system mount point.


/ Etc directory contains many files. Below some of them. The other you should know which program they belong to, and read the program's man page. Many network configuration files are / etc, they are in the "Network Management Guide" in the description. .


/etc/rc or /etc/rc。.d or /etc/rc?。.d 。.


Start, or change the run level to run the scripts or the scripts directory, more detailed information see the chapter on init. .


/etc/passwd 。.


User database, which gives the user domain name, real name, home directory, encrypted passwords and other information users. See the man page passwd format. .


/etc/fdprm 。.


Floppy parameter table. Note the different floppy disk formats. With setfdprm set. For more information, see setfdprm the man page. .


/etc/fstab 。.


Start mount-a command (in the / etc / rc or equivalent startup file) automatically mount the file system list. Linux, also enabled with swapon-a swap area information. See 4. .8. .5 Section and mount the man pages. .


/etc/group 。.


Similar to the / etc / passwd, but not the user but the group stated. See the man page group. .


/etc/inittab 。.


init's configuration file. .


/etc/issue 。.


getty before the login prompt output. Typically include the system for a short description or welcome message. Content determined by the system administrator. .


/etc/magic 。.


profile file. Contains the description of different file formats, file it guess based on file type. See the magic and file of the man page. .


/etc/motd 。.


Message Of The Day, automatically output after a successful login. Content determined by the system administrator. Often used to notice information, such as the planned shutdown time warning. .


/etc/mtab 。.


List of currently installed file system. Initialized from the scripts by the mount command automatically updated. Need a current list of installed file system to use, such as df command. .


/etc/shadow 。.


In the shadow password software installed on the system shadow password file. Shadow password file / etc / passwd file encryption password moved to the / etc / shadow, while the latter only root readable. This makes the password more difficult to decipher. .


/etc/login。.defs 。.


login command profile. .


/etc/printcap 。.


Similar to the / etc / termcap, but for the printer. Different syntax. .


/etc/profile , /etc/csh。.login , /etc/csh。.cshrc 。.


Log in or Bourne or C shells start the implementation of the document. This allows the system administrator for all users creating a global default environment. The shell, see man page. .


/etc/securetty 。.


Confirmed that the security terminal, or which terminal to allow root login. Generally listed in the virtual console, so it is impossible (at least very difficult) into the system through modem or network and get super user privileges. .


/etc/shells 。.


Lists the trusted shell. chsh command allows users to specify the scope of this document to change login shell. Providing a machine service process ftpd FTP service checks the user shell is listed in / etc / shells file, if not will not allow the user login. .


/etc/termcap 。.


Terminal performance database. Explain what the different terminals, "escape sequences" control. Write a program does not directly output the escape sequence (this can only work on certain brands of terminals), but from the / etc / termcap to find work to be done in the correct sequence. Thus, the majority of the program can run in most terminals. See termcap, curs_termcap and terminfo's man page. .


The/dev directory.


/ Dev directory device files, including all equipment. Device file name with a specific agreement, which are described in the device list (see [Anv]). Device file in the installation is to produce, since you can use / dev / MAKEDEV description. / Dev / MAKEDEV. . Local is the system administrator for the local device file (or link) to write a description of presentation (that is, as some non-standard device driver is not part of the standard MAKEDEV). .


The/usr file system is often very large, because all programs installed here. All of the files in the/usr tend to be from Linux distribution; a local installation of the program and other things in/usr/local. This may be a new system or upgrade distribution without reinstall all programs. Some subdirectories/usr are listed below (some of the less important directory for more information see is omitted, the FSSTND).


/ Usr/X11R6. .


X Window system for all files. To simplify the development and installation of x, the X files were not integrated into the system. X himself under similar/usr/usr/X11R6.


/ Usr/X386. .


Similar to X11/usr/X11R6, but Release 5.


/ Usr / bin. .


Almost all user commands. Some commands in/bin or/usr/local/bin.


/ Usr / sbin. .


The root file system is not necessary for system management commands, for example, most services program.


/ Usr / man, / usr / info, / usr / doc. .


Manual pages, GNU Info documents, and various other documents.


/ Usr / include. .


The c programming language header file. For the sake of consistency this fact should/usr/lib, but traditionally support this name.


/ Usr / lib. .


Program or subsystem does not change the data files, including some site-wide profile. First name lib comes from the library (library); inventory of original programming at/usr/lib..


/ Usr / local. .


Local installation of software and other files are placed here.


/ Var / catman. .


When you format a request of the man page cache. Man page source file generally exists in/usr/man/man *; some man page might have a pre-formatted versions exist/usr/man/cat *. While other man page for the first time when you need to format, see format versions of finishes/var/man so that other people see the same page without waiting for the format. (/Var/catman often clear, clean up temporary directory. ) 。.


/ Var / lib. .


System normal operation to change the file.


/ Var / local. .


In the installed programs/usr/local of variable data (i.e., system administrator installed programs). Note that, if necessary, even if the local installation of the program also uses other/var directory, for example,/var/lock.


/ Var / lock. .


Lock the file. Many of the procedures to follow in a locked in/var/lock file conventions to support they are using a particular device or file. Other programs note this locking the file, you will not attempt to use the device or file.


/ Var / log. .


Log files of the various procedures, in particular the login (/var/log/wtmp log all to the system login and logout) and syslog (/var/log/messages store all core and program information. /Var/log files often uncertain to growth, you should periodically clear.


/ Var / run. .


Save to before the next time you boot the system information file. For example,/var/run/utmp contains the currently logged-in user's info.


/ Var / spool. .


Mail, news, print queues, and queue the work directory. Each different spool in/var/spool has its own subdirectory under, for example, the user's mailbox in/var/spool/mail.


/ Var / tmp. .


Large than/tmp allow or require a long time the temporary file. (Although the administrator might not allow/var/tmp have very old files. ) 。.


/ Proc file system is a fake file system. It does not exist in the disk to a disk. But generated by the core in the memory. Used to provide information about the system (originally about processes, hence the name). Below some of the most important files and directories. / Proc file system in the proc man page a more detailed explanation. .


/proc/1 。.


Information on the process of a directory. Each process in / proc called the process under a number of directories. .


/proc/cpuinfo 。.


Processor information, such as type, manufacturer, model and performance. .


/proc/devices 。.


The core configuration is currently running a list of device drivers. .


/proc/dma 。.


Displays the current use of the DMA channel. .


/proc/filesystems 。.


Core configuration file system. .


/proc/interrupts 。.


That the use of interrupts, and how many of each there have been. .


/proc/ioports 。.


Currently used I / O port. .


/proc/kcore 。.


System physical memory mapping. Exactly the same physical memory size, but not so much the actual occupation of the memory; it is generated on the fly as programs access it. . (Remember: unless you copy it to where, / proc is not anything under the occupation of any disk space.). .


/proc/kmsg 。.


Core output messages. Also be sent to syslog. .


/proc/ksyms 。.


Core symbol table. .


/proc/loadavg 。.


System "load average"; three meaningless indicators that the system's current workload. .


/proc/meminfo 。.


Memory usage information, including physical memory and swap. .


/proc/modules 。.


What are the core modules currently loaded. .


/proc/net 。.


Network protocol status information. .


/proc/self 。.


To view the / proc process process directory symbolic link. When two process view / proc when it is a different connection. The main procedures are easy to process its own directory. .


/proc/stat 。.


System of different states, such as the number of page faults since the system was booted. .


/proc/uptime 。.


The length of time the system starts. .


/proc/version 。.


Core version. * /. .


Product: VMware WorkStation (English version).


Version: 6. .0. .0 Build-45731. .


Hardware configuration: Samsung Q70-AV01 notebook, Intel Core2 Duo (Merom) T7300 (2. .0G), DDR2 667 (2G).


Host system: Microsoft Windows XP Professional Service Pack 2 (original). .


Client system: Linux Fedora 7.


Internet way: Beijing Netcom ADSL (512K), no router, Modem and no routing capabilities. Using XP PPPoE broadband dial-up software that comes with the new name "ADSL" dial-up connection. .


Network adapters and configure:.


VMware Network Adapter VMnet8:. .


IP Address。. : 192. .168. .168. .1.


Subnet Mask. .: 255. .255. .255. .0. .


VMware Network Adapter VMnet1:。.


IP Address. .: 192. .168. .58. .1. .


Subnet Mask 。. : .255.255. .255. .0.


Local connection: (automatically obtain IP address and DNS). .


ADSL: (from XP to create a new network connection wizard).


The following describes Bridged and NAT only two ways to share the Internet:. .


Preparatory work (must): as the client Linux Fedora 7 VMware Tools installed on the system.


1, Bridged way to share Internet access. .


1. close the Administrative Tools-Services VMware VMware NAT DHCP Service and Service of the two services.


2, first disconnect the ADSL connection, Control Panel - Network Connections - ADSL Properties - Advanced - Check the "Internet Connection Sharing" drop-down list and then select the "local connection." OK, forget about the tips. The system will automatically "local connection" is set to 192. .168. .0. .1, Subnet mask is set to 255. .255. .255. .0. . After 192. .168. .0. .1 This is the Fedora 7 Linu IP address of the default gateway address and DNS address. .


3, connect the ADSL and dial-up, start the Linux Fedora 7, IP and DNS settings.


IP is set to 192. .168. .0. . X (X is a number between 2 and 254 can be). .


Subnet mask 255. .255. .255. .0.


Gateway 192. .268. .0. .1. .


DNS：192。.168。.0，1。.


Fedora 7 Linu after restart or re-activate the network can access the (Note: Linux network must be activated to use, many people do not activate the changed configuration, not sure on the net, always check whether the network is active, and must be set to activation device when the computer starts). .


Second, the NAT to share Internet access.


1, open the Administrative Tools - Services in the VMware DHCP Service VMware NAT Service, and the two services. .


2 ADSL connection, Internet connection sharing.


3, ADSL and dial-up connection, start the Fedora 7 Linux, set the IP and DNS. .


IP set to 192. .168. .58. .X (X is 128 through 254 number will work).


Subnet mask 255. .255. .255. .0. .


Gateway 192. .268. .58. .2.


DNS: 192. .168. .58. .2. .


After the restart, Fedora 7 Linu or reactivate a network can access a..


It should be noted that VMware uses for VMnet8 the following rules (on the order of the machine 192. .168. .58. .0 Segment as an example):. .


The first address (192. .168. .58. .1): static addresses are assigned to the host machine XP VMware Network Adapter VMnet8 adapter uses.


The second address (192. .168. .58. .2): Static address assigned to the NAT device. .


(192. .168. .58. .3 to 192. .168. .58. .127) static address, reservations.


(192. .168. .58. .128 To 192. .168. .58. .254): DHCP scope range of addresses allocated to the virtual machine. .


Last address (192. .168. .58. .255) broadcast address.


The default installation of VMware after the rules are so. .


Single ADSL dial-up environment, is not a router or a local area network environment, ADSL Internet connection sharing for this step is to select Bridged mode key shared Internet access.


Redhat configuration card with ubuntu. .


Redhat linux fixed IP set interface card.


Before xwindow under redhat-config-network to set a fixed ip network card was found does not work, set up after the ping is unreasonable. To look for some information, change / etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 (the first network card is eth0), dns configuration file is / etc / resolv. .Conf I retained the dhcp configuration, configuration using ifconfig eth0 finished down; ifconfig eth0 up on it. The following is a list of the configuration file:.


# / Etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:. .


DEVICE=eth0。.


BOOTPROTO = static. .


BROADCAST=192。.168。.1。.255。.


IPADDR = 192. .168. .1. .10. .


NETMASK=255。.255。.255。.0。.


NETWORK = 192. .168. .1. .0. .


HWADDR=52:54:AB:2F:CF:F0。.


GATEWAY = 192. .168. .1. .1. .


ONBOOT=on。.


TYPE = Ethernet. .


#/etc/resolv。.conf。.


nameserver 202. .109. .14. .5. .


nameserver 202。.96。.209。.5。.


search localdomain. .


Or use the command: setup.


Or:. .


route add -net 192。.168。.1。.50 netmask 255。.255。.255。.0 dev eth0。.


Or:. .


ifconfig eth0 192。.168。.1。.50 netmask 255。.255。.255。.0。.


ubuntu network card settings, ip, mask, gateway, dns. .


sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces。.


/ / This should be deciding whether to enable this port. .


auto eth0。.


/ / Static set IP. .


iface eth0 inet static。.


address 172. .16. .146. .200. .


netmask 255。.255。.255。.0。.


# Broadcast 172. .16. .146. .255. .


gateway 172。.16。.146。.254。.


/ / Dynamically set by dhcp. .


iface eth0 inet dhcp。.


/ / Set the DNS server. .


sudo vi /etc/resolv。.conf。.


nameserver 202. .96. .128. .68. .


nameserver 61。.144。.56。.101。.


nameserver 192. .168. .8. .220. .


//Reset the network, to enable the new settings.


sudo / etc / init. .d / networking restart. .


//ok。.


1. . Brief private, protected, public, internal access modifier. .


For security. Private: private members, inside a class before it can access.


protected: protection of members of the class and inheritance within the class can access. .


The members of the public: a public, fully disclosed, have no access restrictions.


internal: within the same namespace can be accessed. .


2. ASP .NET page enumerated. passes values in several ways.


A. . 1. . Using QueryString, such as. .? Id = 1; response. . Redirect (). .


2. use Session variables.


3. . Use Server. . Transfer. .


3. A number of columns as follows: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34. For the first 30 digits is the number, using the recursive algorithm.


A: public class MainClass. .


{ 。.


public static void Main (). .


{ 。.


Console. . WriteLine (Foo (30));. .


} 。.


public static int Foo (int i). .


{ 。.


if (i <= 0). .


return 0; 。.


else if (i> 0 & & i <= 2). .


return 1; 。.


else return Foo (i -1) + Foo (i - 2);. .


} 。.


). .


4. delegates in .C #? event is not a delegate?.


A:. .


A delegate can put a method as an argument to another method.


Commission can be understood as a reference point to a function. .


That is a special type of delegate.


5. . Override and override the difference. .


答 ：。.


the difference between override and overload. Method overloading is the same name. Parameter or parameters of different types, overloaded several times to meet different needs. .


Override is the base class function is overridden. In order to adapt to the needs.


6. . If a B / S structure of the system need to pass variable values, but can not use Session, Cookie, Application, you have several ways to deal with? . .


答 ： 。.


this. . Server. . Transfer. .


7. Invites all the programming through the TextBox controls on the page and give it a string. .Empty?.


A:. .


foreach (System。.Windows。.Forms。.Control control in this。.Controls)。.


(. .


if (control is System。.Windows。.Forms。.TextBox)。.


(. .


System。.Windows。.Forms。.TextBox tb = (System。.Windows。.Forms。.TextBox)control ; 。.


tb. . Text = String. . Empty;. .


}。.


). .


8. Invites the programming a bubble sort algorithm?.


A:. .


int [] array = new int 。.


;. .


int temp = 0 ;。.


for (int i = 0; i

{。.


for (int j = i + 1; j

{。.


if (array [j]

{。.


temp = array [i];. .


array[i] = array[j] ;。.


array [j] = temp;. .


}。.


). .


}。.


9. . Describe the C # in the index for realizing the process, it can be indexed according to figures? . .


Answer: No. You can use any type.


10. . Find the value of the expression, to write you to think of ways to achieve one or more: 1-2 +3-4 + ... ... + m. .


A:.


int Num = this. . TextBox1. . Text. . ToString ();. .


int Sum = 0 ;。.


for (int i = 0; i

{。.


if ((i% 2) == 1). .


{。.


Sum + = i;. .


}。.


else. .


{。.


Sum = Sum - I;. .


}。.


). .


System。.Console。.WriteLine(Sum。.ToString());。.


System. . Console. . ReadLine ();. .


11... .net do b/s structure of the system you are using several layers of fabric to development, relationships, and why tiered?.


A: generally 3 layers. .


The data access layer and business layer, the presentation layer.


Data access layer of the database changes, additions or deletions investigation. .


The business layer generally divided into two layers, business implementation and the apparent level of communication between the presentation tier, the business rules layer to achieve your user password security, etc..


Layer such as a user to interact with the user add form. .


Benefits: a clear division of labor, clarity, ease of debugging, and extensibility.


Disadvantages: additional cost. .


12. in the following example.


using System;. .


class A。.


(. .


public A()。.


(. .


PrintFields();。.


). .


public virtual void PrintFields(){}。.


). .


class B:A。.


(. .


int x=1;。.


int y;. .


public B()。.


(. .


y=-1;。.


). .


public override void PrintFields()。.


(. .


Console。.WriteLine("x={0},y={1}",x,y);。.


). .


When you use the new B () creates an instance of B, the resulting output what?.


Answer: X = 1, Y = 0; x = 1 y = -1. .


13. What is an application domain?.


A: The application domain can be understood as a lightweight process. A security role. Small footprint. .


14. .CTS, CLS, CLR what?, respectively.


A: CTS: Common Language System. CLS: Common Language Specification. CLR: Common Language Runtime. .


15. What is a boxing and unboxing?.


A: Convert the interface of a value type to reference type packing. Conversion from the reference type to value type unboxing. .


16. What is a controlled code?.


A: unsafe: non-managed code. CLR does not run through. .


17. What is a strongly typed system?.


A: RTTI: type recognition system. .


18. .NET read-write database requires those classes they?.


A: DataSet: data memory. .


DataCommand: execute the statement.


DataAdapter: data collection, language filled. .


19. .ASP. .net authentication method is what? how does it work?.


Answer: 10. Windwos (default) to use IIS. . From (form) with the account. . Passport (key). .


20. What is Code-Behind technology?.


A: The code after the plant. .


21... .NET, accessories mean?.


A: assembly. (Intermediate language, the source data, resources, and assembly list). .


22. the commonly used method of calling a WebService?.


A: 1. . Using WSDL. . Exe command line tool. .


2. use in .NET VS. Add Web Reference option from the menu.


23. . Net Remoting What works? . .


Answer: the server side to the client sends a process number one domain number to determine the location of the object.


24. . In C # in, string str = null and string str = "" Please make use of text or images illustrate the difference. .


A: string str = null is not allocate memory space for him, and the string str = "length of" give it to an empty string allocated memory space.


25. . Please describe in detail in the dotnet class (class) and structure (struct) the similarities and differences? . .


A: the Class can be instantiated, are reference types, are allocated in memory on the heap, Struct are value types, is allocated in memory on the stack.


26. . According to delegate (delegate) the knowledge, please complete the following code fragment the user complete control:. .


namespace test 。.


(. .


public delegate void OnDBOperate(); 。.


public class UserControlBase: System. . Windows. . Forms. . UserControl. .


{ 。.


public event OnDBOperate OnNew;. .


privatevoidtoolBar_ButtonClick(objectsender,System。.Windows。.Forms。.ToolBarButtonClickEventArgs e)。.


(. .


if(e。.Button。.Equals(BtnNew)) 。.


(. .


//Please fill in the following code to invoke a delegate signature OnDBOperate OnNew event.


). .


} 。.


). .


A: if (OnNew! = null).


OnNew (this, e);. .


27. analysis of the following code to finish blank.


string strTmp = "abcdefg XXX";. .


int i= System。.Text。.Encoding。.Default。.GetBytes(strTmp)。.Length; 。.


int j = strTmp. . Length;. .


The above code is executed, I = j =.


A: i = 13, j = 10. .


28. .SQLSERVER servers in a given table table1 has two fields, ID, ID represents the update LastUpdateDate transaction number, LastUpdateDate represents an update server time, use a SQL statement to get the last update of the transaction number.


A: Select ID FROM table1 Where LastUpdateDate = (Select MAX (LastUpdateDate) FROM table1). .


29. According to the thread-safe-related knowledge, analysis of the following code, when you call test method I >-10 would cause a deadlock? and a brief description of the reason.


public void test (int i). .


{ 。.


lock (this). .


{ 。.


if (i> 10). .


{ 。.


i -;. .


test(i); 。.


). .


} 。.


). .


A: not a deadlock occurs, (but int is passed by value, so each time a change is just a copy, so it does not appear in a deadlock. But if you put a transfer object int, then a deadlock may occur).


30. . A brief talk about your company. . NET remoting and webservice framework of understanding of both technology and practical application. .


A: WS mainly available HTTP through the firewall. You can use TCP/IP instead of Remoting, binary transfer efficiency.


31. . Sought to develop a successor System. . Windows. . Forms. . ListView class components, required to achieve the following special features: ListView columns click the column headers, click on the column in accordance with the values of each row rearrangement view all rows (sort of way, such as DataGrid similar). According to your knowledge, please briefly talk about your ideas. .


A: click on the column headers, remove the package ID of the column, in accordance with the following sort ID, to bind to the ListView.


32. . Given the following XML file, complete the algorithm flowchart. .


< DriverC >
Please draw a traversal of all the file (FileName) flowchart (please use recursive algorithm).


A:. .


void FindFile( Directory d ) 。.


(. .


FileOrFolders = d。.GetFileOrFolders(); 。.


foreach (FileOrFolder fof in FileOrFolders). .


{ 。.


if (fof is File). .


You Found a file; 。.


else if (fof is Directory). .


FindFile( fof ); 。.


). .


}。.


33. . Write a Sql statement: Remove Table A, 31 to 40 records (SQLServer, to automatically increase the ID as the primary key, note: ID may not be continuous..


A: solution 1: select top 10 * from A where id not in (select id from A top 30).


Solution 2: select top 10 * from A where id> (select max (id) from (select top 30 id from A) as A). .


34. object-oriented language with _________ ________ and ________, sexuality, sex.


A: encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism. .


35. foreach traversal can be used to access the objects you need to implement the ________________ ________________ interface, or method of the type declared.


A: IEnumerable, GetEnumerator. .


36. .GC? Why have GC?.


A: GC is a garbage collector. Programmers do not worry about memory management, because the garbage collector will automatically be managed. To request a garbage collection, you can call the following methods:. .


System。.gc()。.


Runtime. . GetRuntime (). . Gc (). .


37. .String s = new String ("xyz"); create a few String Object?.


A: The two objects, one is "xyx", one is pointing to "xyx" a reference to an object s. .


38. .abstract class and interface what's the difference?.


A:. .


Declare a method exists and not to its class is called an abstract class (abstract class) that is used to create a reflection of certain fundamental behavior of the class and method to the class declaration, but not in the class implementation of this class. You cannot create an instance of the abstract class. However, you can create a variable whose type is an abstract class, and make it point to an instance of the specific subclass. There cannot be an abstract abstract constructor or static method. A subclass of the Abstract class to their parent class of all abstract methods provide implementation, otherwise, they, too, is an abstract class. Instead, the child class to implement the method. Know the behavior of other classes can implement these methods in the class. .


Interface (interface) is a variant of the abstract class. In interfaces, all methods are abstract. Multiple inheritance is available through this interface. All methods in the interface is abstract, not a program. Interface only allows you to define static final member variables. Interface and subclass is similar, except that a class cannot inherit from an interface definition. When a class implements a special interface, which defines the (forthcoming program of grant) all the interface's methods. Then, it can realize the interface on any object calls the interface method. Because of the abstract class, which allows the use of interface name as a reference variable type. And dynamic binding usually will come into force. Reference can be converted to the interface type, or conversion from interface type, instanceof operator can be used to determine whether a particular object class implements interfaces. .


39. to start a thread is run () or start ()?.


A: Start a thread that calls start () method, so that the thread is represented by a virtual processor can run the state, which means that it can schedule and execute by the JVM. This does not mean that the thread will run immediately. run () method can produce a sign to quit to stop a thread. .


40. whether an interface may inherit an interface? An abstract class can be implemented (implements) interface? An abstract class can be inherited entity classes (concrete class)?.


A: The interface can be inherited interfaces. Abstract class can implement (implements) interface, an abstract entity class if the class is inheritable, but only if the entity class must have explicit constructor. .


41. constructor override Constructor can be?.


A: The constructor Constructor can not be inherited and can not rewrite Overriding, but can be overridden Overloading. .


42. If the String class can be inherited?.


A: String class is final class can not inherit it. .


43. .try {} has a return statement, then immediately follow this try after finally {} code will be executed, when executed, the return before or after?.


A: Yes, the Executive, a former executive in return. .


44. the two values are the same object (x. .equals (y) == true), but may have different hash code, isn't it?.


A: No, have the same hash code. .


45. can function in .swtich byte, is able to function in the long, can function in String on line.


A: switch (expr1) in, expr1 is an integer expression. Therefore, switch and case statement passed to the parameter should be int, short, char or byte. long, string can not act on the swtich. .


47. when a thread enters an object of a synchronized method, if the other thread can enter the other methods of this object?.


No, an object of a synchronized method can only be visited by a thread. .


48. .abstract also the method is static, but at the same time is also native is synchronized?.


A: can. .


49. .List, Set, whether or not the Map is inherited from the Collection interface?.


A: List, Set a Map is not. .


50. .Set in element is not a duplicate, then what method is used to distinguish between duplicate or not? With == or equals ()? What is the difference between them?.


Answer: Set in the element is not repeated, then use the iterator () method to distinguish whether or not repeated. equals () is the interpretation of two Set for equality. .


Equals () method and == decided whether the referenced value equals pointing to the same object () in the class is overwritten, so that when two separate from the content of the object and type match, it returns true.


51. . Array has no length () this method? String has no length () this method? . .


A: array has no length () this method, the length of the attribute. There are String length () this method.


52. . Sleep () and wait () What is the difference?. .


A: the sleep () method causes the thread to stop for a period of time. In the sleep time interval expires, the thread is not necessarily immediate recovery. This is because at that time, other threads that might be running but has not been scheduled to give up executed unless (a) "wake up" thread has a higher priority.


(B) running thread for other reasons obstruction. .


Wait () is a thread interactions, if a thread on a synchronization object x sends a wait () calls, the thread is suspended, the transfer of objects into a waiting state until it is time to wake up or wait.


53. . Short s1 = 1; s1 = s1 + 1; there anything wrong? Short s1 = 1; s1 + = 1; What is wrong?. .


A: short s1 = 1; s1 = s1 + 1; any mistake, s1 is short, s1 + 1 is the int type, you cannot explicitly converted to type short. You can modify the $ s1 = (short) (s1 + 1). S1 = 1; short s1 + = 1 correctly.


54. . Talk about the final, finally, finalize the difference. .


A:.


final - modifier (keyword) if a class is declared final, meaning that it can not send another gives rise to new sub-category, not as a parent class is inherited. Thus, a class can not both be declared abstract, and it was declared as final the. The variable or method declared as final, can guarantee that they will not be changed in use. Be declared as final variables must be given in the initial statement, a reference in the future can only read, can not be changed. The method is declared as final can also use, not overloaded. .


Finally — exception handling with the finally block to perform any cleanup. If you throw an exception, the catch clause that match will be executed, then the control will enter finally blocks (if any).


finalize - method name. Java technology allows the use of finalize () method of the object in the garbage collector to purge from memory to do the necessary clean-up work before. This method is determined by the garbage collector when the object is not referenced in this object calls. It is defined in the Object class, so all classes inherit it. Subclasses override finalize () method to organize system resources or perform other cleanup work. finalize () method is to remove the object before the garbage collector calls this object。.


55. . How to deal with several hundred thousand concurrent data? . .


A: use the stored procedure, or transaction. To obtain maximum identity when updated.. takes note of the primary key is not incrementally this approach with don't have duplicate primary key. maximize identifies a stored procedure to obtain.


56. . Session any major BUG, what Microsoft proposed to address them? . .


A: because the IIS process recycling system, the system is busy, then Session is lost, you can use the Sate server or SQL Server database to store Session but this way is slower, and you cannot capture Session's END event.


57. . The difference between process and thread? . .


A: the process is a system for resource allocation and scheduling unit; a thread is a CPU scheduling and assignment units, a process can have multiple threads, these threads share the resources of this process.


58. . The difference between heap and stack? . .


A:.


Stack: automatically assigned by the compiler release. In the body of the function variables are usually defined on the stack. .


Heap allocation by programmers: a general release. Use new to allocate memory, malloc function such as allocated in the heap.


59. . Member variables and member functions front of the static function? . .


A: they are known as the ordinary member variables and member functions, also known as a class member variables and member functions. To reflect the status of the class. For example, a class member variables can be used to count the number of the class instance, class member function is responsible for the actions of such statistics.


60. . ASP. NET and ASP compared to what major progress? . .


A: explained-asp, aspx, compiled, the performance improvement is conducive to the protection of source code.


61. . Produce a int array of length 100, which were inserted to 1-100, and can not be repeated. .


int[] intArr=new int[100];。.


ArrayList myList = new ArrayList ();. .


Random rnd=new Random();。.


while (myList.. Count <100). .


{。.


int num = rnd. . Next (1,101);. .


if(!myList。.Contains(num))。.


myList. . Add (num);. .


}。.


for (int i = 0; i <100; i + +). .


intArr[i]=(int)myList[i];。.


62. . Please indicate. . Net of several commonly used method of passing parameters between pages, and tell them the advantages and disadvantages. .


A: session (viewstate) simple, but easy to lose.


application overall. .


Cookie is simple, but may not support that may be counterfeit.


input ttype = "hidden" simple, may be forged. .


Simple url parameters, appears in the address bar, length limited.


Database stability, security, but the relatively weak performance. .


63. Please indicate the meaning of the GAC?.


A: The global assembly cache. .


64. sending the request to the server there are several ways?.


Answer: get, post. get a general way for the link, post a general way for the button. .


65. .DataReader and Dataset?.


A: One is read-only cursor can only move forward, one memory table. .


66. the software development process in general there are several stages? each stage role?.


A: requirement analysis, architecture design, coding, QA, deployment. .


67. in c # using and new both what keywords, write what you know using directives and significance? new statement to create an instance method in the new shadow the base class.


A: using the introduction of the name space or use unmanaged resources. .


New creates a new instance, or hide the parent class method.


68. . Need to implement the processing of a string, first removing the spaces in the string end to end, there will still be continuous if the string is a space, then retain only a space, which allows more than one string to the middle of space, However, the number of consecutive spaces not more than one. .


Answer: string = "inputStr"; xx xx.


inputStr = Regex. . Replace (inputStr.. Trim (), "*", "");. .


69. This code output? why?.


int i = 5;. .


int j=5;。.


if (Object.. ReferenceEquals (i, j)). .


Console。.WriteLine("Equal");。.


else. .


Console。.WriteLine("Not Equal");。.


A: not equal, because the comparison is the object. .


70. What is meant, how to prevent SQL injection? please give examples.


A: The use of sql keywords attacks on websites. Filtering keywords' and so on. .


71. What is a reflective?.


A: The dynamic assembly of information access. .


72. how to write using the Singleton design pattern.


A: static property inside the new, the constructor private. .


73. What is the Application Pool?.


Answer: Web applications, similar to the Thread Pool, improve concurrent performance. .


74. What is a virtual function? what is the abstract function?.


A: The virtual function: not implemented, may be sub-classes inherit and override the function. Abstract function: provision of its non-virtual sub-class must implement the function, must be rewritten. .


75. What is XML?.


A: XML Extensible Markup Language can be. eXtensible Markup Language. . Tag is a computer can understand the information symbols, through such markers, the computer can handle that contains a variety of information between the articles. How to define these markers, which can choose to international standard markup language such as HTML, XML can also be used as such by the relevant parties free to decide the markup language, this is the language of scalability. XML is SGML out to simplify changes. It is mainly used with XML, XSL, and XPath and so on. .


76. What is UDDI? Web Service?.


A: Web Service is a web-based, distributed, modular components, which perform specific tasks, comply with specific technical specifications, these specifications enable Web Service is compatible with other components to interoperate. .


UDDI's aim is to establish standards for e-commerce; UDDI is a suite of Web-based, distributed, as a Web Service provided, information registries implement standard specification also includes a set of enterprise can be its own Web Service, so other companies can be found in the Access Protocol implementation standards.


77. . What is ASP. . Net in the user control? . .


A: user control over the content, or for static, a change of circumstances. use larger. similar ASP include in.. However feature to more powerful.


78. . List what you know about XML technology and its applications. .


A: XML for configuration, the data type used to hold static. contact is the highest number of XML web Services.., and config.


79. . ADO. . Net in which common objects? Respectively describe. .


A: Connection database connection object.


Command Database command. .


DataReader data reader.


DataSet data sets. .


80. What is code-Behind technology.


A: ASPX, RESX file, and CS 3 suffix, this is the code separation. . To achieve the separation of HTML code and server code. . To facilitate coding and sorting. .


81.-What is SOAP, what are the application.


A: simple object access protocal, Simple Object accept the agreement. . With xml as the basic coding structure, built on the existing communication protocols (such as http, but is said to ms in the bottom of the structure out in the tcp / ip on the soap) to use a standard Web Service protocol. .


82. .C # property and attribute differences, they all have the useful, the benefits of this kind of mechanism?.


A: One is the property for access to class fields, one feature is used to identify classes, methods and other additional properties. .


83. .XML main differences with HTML.


A: 1. . XML is case-sensitive letters, HTML does not distinguish. .


2. In HTML, if the context clearly indicates a paragraph, or where the end of the list of keys, you can omit or like an end tag. In XML, must not be omitted end tags.


3. . In XML, has a single tag without matching end tag of the element must use a / character as the end. This parser will know not to find a closing tag. .


4. In XML, the attribute value must be separated in quotation marks. In HTML, quotation marks may not be available.


5. . In HTML, you can have a value of the property name without the. In XML, all of the property must be with the corresponding values. .


84. .c # 's ternary operator?.


A:? :. .


85. when the integer assigned to a single object, the object will be an integer? a..


A: Boxing. .


86. class members accessible forms _____?.


Answer: this. .; New Class (). . Method;. .


87. static const .public int A = 1; this code wrong??.


A: const can not be static modification. .


F = 88. .float-123. .567F; int I = (int) f; I value it is _____?.


A: -123. .


89. the keyword delegate declaration is ______?.


A: delegate. .


90. the class with the sealed modifier?.


A: The seal can not be inherited. .


91. in all .net Asp. custom user controls must inherit from ________?.


A: Control. .


92. all in. .Net serializable classes are marked as _____?.


A: [serializable]. .


93... .Net managed code vulnerabilities we have to worry about memory, this is because ______?.


A: GC. .


94. the following what's wrong in the code? _______.


using System;. .


class A。.


(. .


public virtual void F(){。.


Console. . WriteLine ("A.. F");. .


}。.


). .


abstract class B:A。.


(. .


Public abstract void F () override; a: abstract override cannot be decorated with.


) / / New public abstract void F ();. .


95. when a class T only declares a private instance constructor is the program text of T, ___ ___ outside can (can or can not) from t to derive a new class, not to ____ (can or can not) directly create an instance of T. ..


A: No, not. .


96. This code is in error?.


switch (i) (. .


Case (): a://case () condition cannot be empty.


CaseZero ();. .


break;。.


case 1:. .


CaseOne();。.


break;. .


case 2:。.


dufault; A: / / wrong, incorrect format. .


CaseTwo();。.


break;. .


}。.


97. . In. . Net, the class System. . Web. . UI. . Page What can be inherited? . .


A: you can.


98. . Net error handling mechanism? . .


A:. .net error handling mechanism uses the try-catch-finally > structure >, an error occurs, the layer until you find the matching catch up.


99. . Using operator == statement, and only declared, what the error Why?. .


A: in order to simultaneously modify Equale and GetHash ()? Overload the "=" you must overload the "! ="..


100. . In. . Net (C # or vb.. Net) how user-defined message, and deal with these messages in the form. .


A: in the form of an overloaded DefWndProc function to process messages:.


protected override void DefWndProc (ref System.. WinForms.. Message m). .


{ 。.


switch (m.. msg). .


{ 。.


case WM_Lbutton:. .


///String and MFC CString in the Format function uses a different method.


string message = string. . Format ("get the message! Parameters: (0), (1)", m.. WParam, m.. LParam);. .


MessageBox. .Show (message);//display a message box.


break;. .


case USER:。.


Handling code. .


default: 。.


base. . DefWndProc (ref m );/// call the base class function to deal with non-self-defined message. .


break; 。.


). .


}。.


101. . In. . Net (C # or vb.. Net) how to cancel a form of closure. .


A: private void Form1_Closing (object sender, .ComponentModel. .CancelEventArgs System. e).


(. .


e。.Cancel=true;。.


). .


102... .net (C # .net or vb.), Form or Appplication. .Exit. .Close?.


A: One is out of the entire application, one is shut down one of the form. .


103. In c # has a variable of type double, such as, for example, .5 10321.. 122235401 as currency .21644 value according to each country's habit to output. For example, the United States with $ .50 and $ 10,321.122,235,401. England .22 is ? 10 and ? 321. .50 122 235 401. .22.


A: System. . Globalization. . CultureInfo MyCulture = new System. . Globalization. . CultureInfo ("en-US");. .


//System. .Globalization. MyCulture = new System .CultureInfo. .Globalization. .CultureInfo ("en-GB"); the British currency type.


decimal y = 9999999999999999999999999999m;. .


string str = String。.Format(MyCulture,"My amount = {0:c}",y);。.


104. . A password to use only K, L, M, N, O 5-letter password in the arrangement of words from left to right, the password word must follow the following rules:. .


(1) the word password minimum length is two letters, you may or may not be the same as. ..


(2) K can not be the first letter of the word. .


(3) if L, occurs more than once.


(4) M can not make the final and can not be the penultimate letter. .


(5) K, then N must appear.


(6) O If this is the last letter, then L must occur. .


Question: which of the following is a letter can be placed in the back O LO, forming a three-letter password Word?.


A) KB) LC) MD) N. .


Answer: B.


Question 2: If the letter is to get K, L, M, then the two letters to form a long password is the total number of words? . .


A) 1 B) 3 C) 6 D) 9.


Answer: A. .


Question 3: which one is the word password?.


A) KLLN B) LOML C) MLLO D) NMKO. .


Answer: C..


8. . 62-63 = 1 equation does not hold, move a number (can not move the minus sign, and equal numbers), making the equation set up, how to move? . .


Answer: move into 2 of 62 6 th. ..


105. . For such an enumeration type:. .


enum Color:byte。.


(. .


Red,。.


Green,. .


Blue,。.


orange. .


}。.


A: string [] ss = Enum. . GetNames (typeof (Color));. .


byte[] bb=Enum。.GetValues(typeof(Color));。.


106. . C # in the property and attribute the difference between what use they have, where the benefits of such a mechanism? . .


A: attribute: base class for custom attributes; property: class attribute.


107. . C # can direct the operation of the memory? . .


A: the .net in.. references to the .net garbage collection (GC), which replaces the programmer but in c #, you cannot implement a Finalize method directly, but rather in the destructor calls the base class's Finalize () method.


108. . ADO. NET compared to what other major improvements ADO? . .


A: 1: ado. .net does not depend on the OLE DB provider, but instead uses the .net managed provider. ' program, 2: do not use com3: does not support dynamic cursors, and server-side tour 4:, you can disconnect the connection while retaining the current dataset available 5: strong type 6: xml support.


109. . Write a HTML page, to achieve the following functions, left-click the page displays "Hello", right-click to display "prohibition of right." And automatically close the page after 2 minutes. .


答： 。.


110. . Probably describe the ASP. NET server control life cycle. .


A: the initialization to load the view state processing load postback data sent back a change notification handle postback events pre-rendering save state rendering disposal uninstall.


111. . Anonymous Inner Class (anonymous inner classes) can extends (inheritance) other classes, can implements (implementation) interface (interface)?. .


A: no, you can implement interfaces.


112. . Static Nested Class and Inner Class differences, to put it the better. .


A: the Static Nested Class that is declared as static (static) inner class, it can not depend on external class instance is instantiated. While the usual internal class needs to instantiate an external class to instantiate.


113. ., The difference between & and & &. .


The bitwise operators &, represents a bitwise and operation, & & is a logical operator that represents the logical and (and).


114. . HashMap and Hashtable difference. .


A: the Hashtable HashMap is a lightweight implementation (non-thread-safe), they have completed the Map interface, the main difference lies in the HashMap allow null (null) values (key), because of the non-thread-safe, the efficiency may be higher than Hashtable.


115. . Short s1 = 1; s1 = s1 + 1; there anything wrong? Short s1 = 1; s1 + = 1; What is wrong?. .


A: short s1 = 1; s1 = s1 + 1; (s1 + 1 int-the result is, you need to cast to the type).


short s1 = 1; s1 + = 1; (compile correctly). .


116. .Overloaded method can change the type of the return value?.


A: Overloaded methods can change the type of return value. .


117. .error and what's the difference? exception.


A: error that is not impossible but very difficult to restore in case of a serious problem. For example, memory overflow. Procedures can not be expected to handle such cases. .


Exception indicates a design or implementation issues. In other words, it indicates that if the program runs properly, never happened.


118. . And What's the difference? . .


A: represents the bound data source.


Is a server-side code block. .


119. Do you think .NET ASP.. 2 .0 (VS2005) and you were previously using development tools (. .Net 1. .0 or other) what's the biggest difference you previously used on a platform on which developers thinking (pattern/architecture) can be ported to .NET ASP. 2. .0 (or is already embedded in the .NET 2. ASP. .0).


Answer: 1 ASP. . NET 2. .0 Encapsulate some code package, so compared to 1. .0 The same function to reduce a lot of code. .


2 also supports code separation and page embedded server-side code in two modes, the previous version, 1. .0. .NET tips help only in a separate code file, not in the page embedded server-side code tips, get help.


3 code and design of the interface when switching, 2. .0 Support cursor positioning. . That I like. .


4 when binding data, do table pagination. .Update operations such as Delete, that can be visualized, easy for beginners.


5 in the ASP. . NET, an increase of more than 40 new controls, a reduced workload. .


120. the difference between heavy and coverage?.


A: 1, methods of coverage is the parent child classes and the relationship between the vertical relationship; method of overloading a class with the relationship between the methods is the level of relations. .


2, covered by only one method, or can only be produced by a pair of methods, method overloading is more than one method.


3, covering the same parameter list required; override request parameters list different. .


4. cover relationship, call the method body, is based on the type of the object (the object corresponds to the type of storage space); overload, is based on the call of actual arguments with the formal parameter list to select the method body.


121. . Describe the C # in the index for realizing the process, it can be indexed according to figures? . .


Answer: No. You can use any type.


122. . In C # in, string str = null and string str = "" Please make use of text or images illustrate the difference. .


A: there is no space for null references;.


"" Is a space for the 0 string;. .


123. analysis of the following code to finish blank.


string strTmp = "abcdefg XXX";. .


int i= System。.Text。.Encoding。.Default。.GetBytes(strTmp)。.Length; 。.


int j = strTmp. . Length;. .


The above code is executed, I = j =.


A: i = 13. . J = 10. .


124. .SQLSERVER servers in a given table table1 has two fields, ID, ID represents the update LastUpdateDate transaction number, LastUpdateDate represents an update server time, use a SQL statement to get the last update of the transaction number.


A: Select ID FROM table1 Where LastUpdateDate = (Select MAX (LastUpdateDate) FROM table1). .


125. analysis of the following code.


public static void test (string ConnectString). .


{ 。.


System. . Data. . OleDb. . OleDbConnection conn = new System. . Data. . OleDb. . OleDbConnection ();. .


conn。.ConnectionString = ConnectString; 。.


try. .


{ 。.


conn. . Open ();. .


……。.


). .


catch(Exception Ex) 。.


(. .


MessageBox。.Show(Ex。.ToString()); 。.


). .


finally 。.


(. .


if (!conn。.State。.Equals(ConnectionState。.Closed)) 。.


conn. . Close ();. .


} 。.


). .


I ask.


1) The above code can correctly use the connection pool it? . .


A: the answer: If the incoming connectionString is exactly the same words, you can correct use of connection pooling. But exactly mean, hyphen, space, order perfectly consistent.


2) The above code uses exception handling methods, whether all the anomalies in the test method can be captured and displayed? . .


A: you can only catch exceptions in the database connection!. (Finally, catch, if you have other operations may throw an exception, you should use the try, catch. So in theory, not all exceptions are caught. ） 。.


126. . Sought to develop a successor System. . Windows. . Forms. . ListView class components, required to achieve the following special features: ListView columns click the column headers, click on the column in accordance with the values of each row rearrangement view all rows (sort of way, such as DataGrid similar). According to your knowledge, please briefly talk about your ideas:. .


A: click on the column headers, remove the package ID of the column, in accordance with the following sort ID, to bind to the ListView.


127. . What is WSE? What is the latest version? . .


A: the WSE (Web Service Extension) package to provide the latest WEB services security assurances, the latest version 2. .0.


128. . In the following example. .


using System;。.


class A. .


{。.


public A () (. .


PrintFields();。.


). .


public virtual void PrintFields(){}。.


). .


class B:A。.


(. .


int x=1;。.


int y;. .


public B(){。.


y =- 1;. .


}。.


public override void PrintFields () (. .


Console。.WriteLine("x={0},y={1}",x,y);。.


). .


When you use the new B () creates an instance of B, the resulting output what?.


Answer: X = 1, Y = 0. .


129. the example below.


using System;. .


class A。.


(. .


public static int X;。.


static A () (. .


X=B。.Y+1;。.


). .


}。.


class B. .


{。.


public static int Y = A. . X +1;. .


static B(){}。.


static void Main () (. .


Console。.WriteLine("X={0},Y={1}",A。.X,B。.Y);。.


). .


}。.


What is the output produced? . .


Answer: x = 1, y = 2.


130. . Abstract class and interface What is the difference?. .


A: Declaration method exists and not to its class is called an abstract class (abstract class) that is used to create a reflection of certain fundamental behavior of the class and method to the class declaration, but not in the class implementation of this class. You cannot create an instance of the abstract class. However, you can create a variable whose type is an abstract class, and make it point to an instance of the specific subclass. There cannot be an abstract abstract constructor or static method. A subclass of the Abstract class to their parent class of all abstract methods provide implementation, otherwise, they, too, is an abstract class. Instead, the child class to implement the method. Know the behavior of other classes can implement these methods in the class. .


Interface (interface) is a variant of the abstract class. In interfaces, all methods are abstract. Multiple inheritance is available through this interface. All methods in the interface is abstract, not a program. Interface only allows you to define static final member variables. Interface and subclass is similar, except that a class cannot inherit from an interface definition. When a class implements a special interface, which defines the (forthcoming program of grant) all the interface's methods. Then, it can realize the interface on any object calls the interface method. Because of the abstract class, which allows the use of interface name as a reference variable type. And dynamic binding usually will come into force. Reference can be converted to the interface type, or conversion from interface type, instanceof operator can be used to determine whether a particular object class implements interfaces. I wish my parents good health (you can help us raise children ^_^), all the best (and I have taken!). .


I wish his wife without the pain puzzle (less cold), Fay (big brained enough oxygen), you know you want me for life.


I wish my brother happy family happy, healthy growth of small nephew. .


I wish all my friends and relatives:).


Transfer may not know who the original, so do not write the source address. .


1. Your project team working with source control tools?.


Should be used. VSS, CVS, PVCS, ClearCase, CCC / Harvest, FireFly can. My choice is VSS. .


2. Your project team uses a defect management system?.


Should be used. ClearQuest is too complicated, I recommend that BugZilla. .


3. Your test team also use Word to write test cases?.


Do not use Word to write test cases (Test Case). Should use a dedicated system that is Test Manager, you can develop an own ASP. . NET's little website. The main purpose is to Track and Browse. .


4. Your project team has established a portal website?.


To have a portal to let Contact Info, Baselined Schedule, News and so on. Recommended Sharepoint Portal Server 2003 to achieve 15 minutes will be done. SPS 2003 can not afford to use WSS (Windows Sharepoint Service). .


5. Your project team spent you can buy the best tools?.


Should be used as a good tool to work. For example, should use VS. . NET instead of Notepad to write C #. Most programs use Notepad to write just a show off. But we also take into account the funds, so that is "you can buy the best." .


6. Your programmers work in quiet environment?.


Needs a quiet environment. This is extremely important, but also to ensure that each person's space is larger than a certain size. .


7. Your staff and everyone has a telephone? need each person a telephone. And preferably with message functionality. Of course, such a telephone with voice mail system overhead. But at least one telephone per person, don't make people stand up and shout: "xxx phone." The pieces "inside strongly condemns this practice.


8. . Each of you should know whom What went wrong? . .


You should know. Any one Feature at least should have an Owner, of course, the Owner can continue to Dispatch to other people.


9. . You ever had someone say, "I thought ..." What? . .


To eliminate the "I thought." Never assume anything。.


10. . Your team all the people sitting with What? . .


You need to. I am opposed to the Virtual Team, also opposed the Dev Test in the United States, this development in China. Can sit together on the best sit together, benefits and more joy.


11. . Does your schedule reflect the latest development progress? . .


Should be reflected. However, you should use the Baseline approach to managing schedule: maintaining a steady Schedule, and then maintain a copy of the latest changes. Baseline approach should also be used for other Spec. Baseline is the change management is an important tool.


12. . That your workload is to leave each person their own estimates of What? . .


Everyone should have their own estimates. To estimate from workload rather than assign from top to bottom. Unless there are other reasons, such as political task duration fixed, etc..


13. . Your developers from the inception of the project work overtime? . .


Not to do so. Do not get tired at the beginning of the war. From the project outset overtime can only show the progress of your project. Of course, some software outsourcing and overtime every day, it must fall within the scope of exploitation.


14. . Your project plan Buffer Time is added to the back of each small task Why? . .


Do not. Buffer Time is added to the back of each small task easily easily was consumed. Buffer Time to the entire paragraph added to a Milestone or the front of the checkpoint.


15. . Worth more time, from 95% to achieve 100% well worth it, well worth it. .


In particular, when a project is getting horses spent the late, should adhere to. This will give the product a qualitative difference.


16. . Registration of new defects, whether stated below the steps to reproduce? . .


You want to. This belongs to the Dev and Test between the means of communication. Face-to-face communication needs, Repro Steps also fill in..


17. . To write new code to solve before the known defects will What? To. Each person's flaws can not exceed 10 or 15, or the old bug must be resolved in order to continue to write new code. .


18. You have the defect of priorities? prior conventions.


Must be defined. Severity to points 1,2,3, agreed well: blue and Data Lost count Sev 1, Function Error count Sev 2, the interface on the operator Sev 3. But this agreement can be adjusted appropriately Quality of product. .


19. Your views on the subject of the Conference of the three countries have defects? must have. To have a clear decision-making process. This is similar to CCB (Change Control Board) concept.


20. . All the defects were registered by the last closed Why? . .


Bug should be shut down by the Opener. Dev cannot unilaterally closed Bug.


21. . You modify the old code programmers dislike What? . .


Aversion is normal. The workaround is to organize Code Review, set aside time to individually. XP is also a method.


22. . You project group Team Morale Activity Why? . .


Every month a, eat, sing, play ball, Outing, kart, etc., make sure that you have. Don't be left in the money.


23. . Your team have its own Logo What? . .


To have your own Logo. At the very least should have its own Codename.


24. . Your employees with company Logo for T-Shirt What? . .


You want to have. Enhance a sense of belonging. Of course, the T-Shirt will do some pretty, it's a good idea to use 80 branches of cotton. Don't wear time break.


25. . General Manager at least monthly to participate in sub-project group wants. .


To let senior team member feel concerned about the project.


26. . You are to open a branch for each Dev What? . .


Against it. The management of the Branch and Merge workload is too big, and error-prone.


27. . It was a long time Why do not Check-In code? . .


Can not. For most projects, up to a couple of days should Check-In.


28. . In Check-In code annotated What are completed? . .


To write, at least one or two words, such as "solved" .225 Bug No.. If you pull upwards, which are also considered to be "part of configuring the audit".


29. . Have not set a day deadline Check-In? . .


Want to clear Check-In Deadline. Otherwise, the Build will Break.


30. . You can compile all the source code once installed files? . .


You want to. This is a daily compilation (Daily Build). And must be able to make automatic.


31. . Your team to do a daily compilation Why? . .


Of course you want to do. There are three things is a software project/product development: 1. bug management; 2。. source control; 3。. daily build。.


32. . Your company have accumulated a list of project risks? . .


You want to. Risk Inventory。 Otherwise, the next time the project begins, you can only shoot in the head of the Risk.


33. . Designed as simple as possible as simple as possible. .


When more than one word, the design of the future may bring endless troubles. Should from the outset the brave cut. This is called scope management.


34. . To make full use of existing products, technology, code please do everything themselves Coding. BizTalk and Sharepoint is the best example of these two as a basis, can be a starting point to improve a lot. Or you can use as much as possible like the existing Control. Or try to use XML, rather than trying to Parse a text file; the best use of RegExp, rather than their own operations from scratch string, and so on and so on. This is the "software reuse" of the expression. .


35. You will periodically stop ramming code?.


To. Preferably a month or so. Early last year, rumors of Windows Group Stevb stopped a month under the command of enhanced security. Btw, "ram" read the word "hang", first tone. .


36. Your project team everyone write Daily Report?..


Write. Five minutes is enough to write about 10 words, tell their own group of people what I have done today. One for communication, two spur myself (If idle day, I am sorry to write all their own). .


37. Your project manager will issue a Weekly Report?..


To. Also for communication. Including the progress, potential risks, the quality status and progress of various work. .


38. Whether your project team at least weekly plenary meeting?.


To. Must be met. Programmers hate meetings, but the meeting time each week should add up to at least 4 hours. Including the team meeting, spec review meeting, bug triage meeting. Do not you Bulkhead to write code. .


39. Your project team meetings, discussions have records?.


Pre-made meeting request and agenda, the conference, someone who presides over and the record, after it was responsible for issuing meeting minutes, which are effective meeting points. Moreover, the formation of agreements, and each session should be action items. .


40. Other departments to know your team is doing what?.


Newsflash to send a number of large organizations as a whole. Show your team's value. Otherwise, when you sit inside the lift, other departments were asked: "Are you doing", you answer "ABC Project", other people had no idea, that feeling too good. .


41. By Email to all official communication.


Email advantage is to prevent the denial. But also to avoid overkill, the best way is to first use the telephone and face to face that, and then Email to confirm. .


42. As a team to establish multiple Mailing Group.


If the AD + Exchange which, on the building Distribution List. For example, I will build ABC Project Core Team, ABC Project Dev Team, ABC Project All Testers, ABC Project Extended Team and so on. Email this to facilitate the launch, and let the people who receive the email are received, should not be harassed before. .


43. Everybody knows where can I find all the documents?.


Everyone should know. This is called Knowledge Management (Knowledge Management). The most convenient is to document in a centralized File Share, a better approach is to use Sharepoint. .


44. You make a decision, make changes, tell us why?.


To tell you the reasons. Empower team member of one of the means is to provide sufficient information, this is the opening chapter of MSF a few principles. True, tell me why it is common, tell me why the can have understanding. Chinese people do things like engage in limited, restricted information, seems to be able to see a person of a document is a birth. Wrong.Authority, powers, not so we can access information/data, and then not learn resource.


45. . Stay agile and expect change to be so. .


Requirements will change, already written code must be modified. Prepare to resist change, but don't expect change.


46. . Do you have any full-time software testers? . .


To have a dedicated test. If the staff is not enough, you can peer exchange test, test. Test your own.


47. . You have a test plan to the general provisions of what to do and how to do? This is the Test Plan. Otherwise do performance testing? Otherwise do Usability Testing? When did you start testing performance? Tested by the criteria? What means, automatic or manual? These issues need to be answered with a Test Plan. .


48. You are the first to write a Test Case and then test?.


It should be. Design should first re-programming, re-testing the first test case. Of course, things are flexible. Sometimes I do the first pass the test in the same time fill the test case. As a further development of the first test case, I do not like, because not used to, too much trouble, as others recommend that try it anyway. .


49. Will you enter for a variety of combinations to create test cases?.


Do not, do not engage in boundary condition combinations. Beware of combinatorial explosion. There are many test case tools can automatically generate a combination of various boundary conditions - but make it clear that you have time to run so many test case. .


50. Your programmers can see test case?.


To. Dev Test Case to see it. We all have come together with one purpose: to increase the quality. .


51. Whether you grab some people to do usability testing?.


To do so. Write their own programs to see the interface, how to look is pleasing to the eye's. This is called Shenmeipilao - a bad look for a long time have not stink, and inconvenience of get used to permanent. .


52. Your automated testing expectations right?.


Do not expect too much. In my opinion, in addition to performance measurements, or for the time being forget the first "Auto test" and forget it WinRunner and LoadRunner. For the status of the domestic software testing, the only "righting a wrong to be over now," the. .


53. Your performance testing is waiting for all of the features and development is done for you?.


Can not. Performance testing can not be attributed to the so-called "system testing" stage. Early correction of early testing, Zao Sizao heaven. .


54. Your attention to the effects of pesticides in testing?.


Insect resistant, Bug, too. New Bug found less and less is normal. This time, the best people to exchange test area, or to use other tools and methods used to see, you will find a new bug. .


55. Your project teams, who can say the overall quality of the product's current circumstances?.


Be. When the boss asked how the quality of this product now, Test Lead / Manager should be responsible to answer. .


56. Do you have a unit test?.


Unit testing must. But there is no unit test is not no, I did not unit test the project, also made successful - could be a fluke, perhaps we are all proficient in the relationship. Again, software engineering is very practical, very project, a very flexible set of methods, some methods in some cases better than the other way, and vice versa. .


57. Your programmer is finished code is thrown over the wall?.


Taboo. After written a program, even if do not do unit testing, it should also run their own Xianpao 1. Even with dedicated testers, developers who do not can not do a little test. Microsoft also Test Release Document to say, the program suck, then test the right to kick back. .


58. Your program has all the functions? input checking.


Do not. Although to do is to write secure code input check points, but do not do too much input checking, some of the parameters between the internal functions do not need to check the input, and save some effort. By the same token, not all of the functions to give written comments. Enough to write the main part. .


59. Products of uniform error handling and debugging interface?.


Be. Better to have a unified error message, and then each error message is with a error number. In this way, users can own error number according to the user manual to see which specific error description and possible causes, like SQL Server's error did. Similarly, ASP. . NET Exception should have a unified treatment. May refer to the Application Block. .


60. Do you have a unified code writing specifications?.


Be. Code Convention lot of practice to issue a we will do. Of course, if there is such a tool to check the FxCop code better. .


61. Your everybody is aware of the significance of the project business?.


To. This is the meaning of Vision. Do not project only as work. Sometimes to think that he is in a certain industry information in China turned into a pioneer, or from time to time to tell team member, this project can save a certain number of a number of departments in each country of millions of taxpayer dollars, so there Power up. Ordinary things, can have a lofty goal. .


62. Products in various parts of the interface and operating practices consistent?.


To do this. Make the user feel like the whole process is written as a person. .


63. There can be a Cool Feature of the promotional spot?.


To. This is to strengthen team cohesion, confidence. Moreover, "a cover 100 Jun ugly", there are bright spots can cover up some problems. In this way, the customers will feel products, or acceptable from a quality point of view of. Or, cool feature or highlight quality problems as an ex post facto remedies. .


64. As far as possible reduce the startup time for this.


Software start time (Start-Up time) is good and bad customers first impression of performance. .


65. It's not too focused on the inherent quality of the first external impression programmer mistakes this error: too much performance, stability and storage efficiency, but ignored the external perception. And senior managers, the customer is the opposite. These two aspects into account in coordinating the work of these is the PM.


66. . You do according to development of detailed product functional specification What? . .


To do so. To have a design to development, this is a must. Design documents, you should make it clear how this product will run, you should take some of the story. Design don't drill details, don't drill into the database, the code inside specific implementation, those are the things behind, step by step to not worry.


67. . Began to develop and test everyone before the close scrutiny of functional design Why? . .


To be done. Function Spec review was used to unify thinking. Moreover, after forming a review, in future, no one else can be said "look, I was opposed to such design, now it hell."


68. . Everyone always thought The Whole Image Why? To do this. Although each project which are only in the manufacture of a leaf, but everyone should know where in the manufacture of the patch of leaves is how the tree looks like. I am against software blue collar, against excessive manufacturing as the software line, workshop. See Article 61. .


69. Dev work is purely vertical or horizontal?.


Can not be simply divided according to functional modules, or just under the presentation layer, middle layer, database layer points. I recommend doing so: first, under the sub-function modules, and each "layer" has a Owner to Review all design and code, to ensure consistency. .


70. Your programmers programming documentation?.


To. But I heard that Microsoft's programmers do not write before 1999. So, writing is not writing is not absolute, lazy sometimes also possible. See Article 56. .


71. You have the interview and let him write programs?.


Want. I like people to do the string and the subject of a class list. This title has a lot of cycling, judge, pointers, recursion and so on, neither too biased test algorithm, specific test is not too biased API. .


72. Do you have a technical communication seminar?.


Want. Every two weeks, go for a house or Chalk Talk Tech Talk it. Allow group members to share technical ideas between, this cost-effective to spend money sent abroad to train. .


73. Your programmers can focus on one thing?.


Let programmers focus on one thing. For example, one department has two projects and 10 individuals, a method is to let 10 Geren sit for two items, each of everyone on Hua 50% time; Another way is 5 persons were allowed to project A, 5 individuals to project B, everyone is 100% in one project. I will choose the latter. The reason many people understand, but many of its leaders as you can put into practice the resources of any split. .


74. Your programmers can exaggerate a necessary time?.


Yes, this is common, especially late in the project will be exaggerated by the need to do a change of time, inferior race to resist change. The solution is to sit down Manman Mo, worn programmer rebel and to analyze and to estimate the time of the particle size becomes smaller. .


75. Try not to use the Virtual Heads it is best not to use the Virtual Heads.


Virtual heads means the resource is not secure, shared resource will reduce the efficiency of the resource, easy to increase the chance of error, make one mind who do not have much time to review spec, review design. A dedicated person stronger than the two only 50% of the time and effort put into people.I suffered losses of ? 7 a part time of tester, find bugs and do, add up to less than two full-time. See section 73. 73 article is targeted at programmers, 75 is a Resource Manager. King Kong and the moral of this is the benevolent see benevolence wise see Moses, things just posted something that others can't paste completely.


King Kong is every boy's dream, best to take care his wife, his arms propped want a piece of blue sky, but we live in building a harmonious society, the primary stage of socialism, some man-made and environmental factors are always people helpless, perhaps only to see films, while leaning to arouse ambitions gradually fade away, sigh about. .


http://blog。.sina。.com。.cn/u/1194452641。.


Just finished watching "King Kong" on-line is not so much false praise indeed exaggerated. Invested 300 million U.S. dollars, then Peter Jackson produced a large, full-length movie for three hours, considered as super audio-visual enjoyment. Soul-stirring scene, the magnificent open the screen, the ups and downs of the plot, enough to make people think that three hours were not wasted. .


Since reading, as usual, write something simple personal views. ^_^。.


Stunt. .


Masterpiece of film, in which each lens basically spent a lot of stunts, stunt first said.


In the stunt, maybe smaller than 3 "Lord of the Rings" together as a whole better. Screen content seems too complicated, busy center of the lens often people look overwhelmed. Grasp the rhythm of whole movie is not particularly well, in addition to a few places short, the essentially pressing harder and harder, squeezing the audience's attention and mood of the audience any chance to rest. .


The best three scene stunt scene are large dinosaurs could run, King Kong, deep down within themselves dinosaur protection kingkong skyscraper top and humanity's struggle with the aircraft. Three scenes are a vivid, exciting, but only the final scene, Director, specially added background music.


Story. .


The story is very simple, easy-to-unnecessary or even bother to give directors of anything, just put the movie you want to show a distinct topic..


Story background is the Great Depression, when the ailing girl a hurry to make a fortune by a director of fancy, riding the ship to Singapore, rent a movie. Way only to find the real destination of the ship is an isolated Pacific island. Where she met barbaric primitive tribes, all kinds of monsters, dinosaurs, as well as King Kong, a 25-foot-tall gorilla, forest dominant. .


Ann was barbaric tribes who caught and Stravinsky dedicated to forest beasts, but caught an adamantine did not eat, but to protect her to kill a giant dinosaur, then on to a huge prominent rock together to see the sunrise. Unfortunately when Diamond Chase to be loved her a writer from Ontario, was the captain and greed and ambition of the Director of medicine narcotic was brought to New York City for an exhibition.


King Kong when the exhibit was found in the female lead is not safe, the angry red street chains are, in a bold writer to find safety under the guidance of another. King Kong climbing the last time with safety to the top of the Empire State Building to see the sunrise, the last by a group of bombing, fell to his death. Dreams of riches dashed director finally said: The beauty killed him. .


Sensational.


Director is a sensational true master, not the sensational tactics not worry, not by bombing the audience at every turn tears gush, nor is it the sorrow of those who rely on the weak performance to gain sympathy. The true master does not need these, you read, remember, and even do not understand why their emotions so excited. .


Seen a guy on Kong comments that in the cinema to see tears poured down on the spot. It then turns stunt, twists and turns of the plot, and beautiful picture, if you can not be touched by the spectators, can hardly be regarded as a State-of-the-art film. Film directors understood clearly, but experts are not vicious vulgar sensational, unable to speak human language adamantine naturally depicting impress the audience.


Moving wind streamers, wind, streamers move, or heart? When you notice when the wind streamer action, the heart has moved on. .


Meaning.


"King Kong" a bit like a fairy tale of imagination, it points the way to write their own views. .


Duration is three hours of movie scenes is often noisy, messy, only the most calm Emery and Ann together on the small island of two minutes to see the sunrise. Actually it was commented that the Act reflects the feelings of human beings and animals, huh, huh, I think this view say too simple, sometimes naive!.


An island with King Kong and quietly watch the sunrise, On the East face of the sunrise sky Hongxia, could not help but say: beautiful! At the end of skyscrapers, the same sunrise, security is facing King said: beautiful! King Kong is clearly the real protagonist is, in the film that the director's last beauty does not mean security, but to the virtues of King Kong. King Kong is a gorilla, but displayed the same peace, courage, perseverance. .


Some also say how profound movie theme, in fact, I think that the Director did not expressly confer this Gorilla numbers of how many of the virtues and the profound meaning, the film is the most beautiful scenario is Defender and Ann together to see the sunrise. This calm and happy, compared to film various human greed, hypocrisy, luxury, is a strong contrast.


If the implication, I would rather say that the performance of the quiet, well-being of mind and reality, the pursuit of greed, hypocrisy, luxury acts abandoned. On the last tears to (If I remember correctly, is the only crying scenes in the film) with a large body of watching King Kong on top of the Empire State Building from the fall, is undoubtedly the kind of very tragic scene. .


What killed the King Kong? Diamond is dominant in the forest, in the jungle of the original Gladiators in invincible, but lonely, so saved Ann, you take her to like to see the sunrise on the rocks, and in the human world as heterogeneous adamantine then powerful also predestined is stirring or helpless outcome.


"King Kong" The real moral of that? It is this pursuit of the human heart may be quiet, well-being of the heart full of desire and greed and hypocrisy, full of luxury and the desire of the cruel reality of the gap between the world and contradictions, and mankind is facing such a choice, they tend to select the expense of spiritual longing, You earn me to join the real rush, confused desire to go. .